Hypertension refers to the sustained increase in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure of the circulating arteries, which is a clinical syndrome characterized by elevated systemic arterial pressure, increased resistance of surrounding small arteries, and varying degrees of increased cardiac output and blood volume; Including primary hypertension and secondary hypertension.
Primary hypertension, also known as hypertension, has an unknown cause. Secondary hypertension: also known as symptomatic hypertension.
1、 The risk factors for primary hypertension are the result of long-term interaction between genetic and environmental factors, with unhealthy lifestyles such as overweight, high salt diet, and moderate or excessive alcohol consumption playing a crucial role.
1. Genetic factors: parents suffer from hypertension, and the incidence rate of their children is as high as 46%.
2. Environmental factors: high sodium and low potassium diet, psychological stimulation, social and psychological factors, smoking.
3. Other: Overweight and obesity, ephedrine, corticosteroids, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome.
2、 Secondary hypertension, also known as symptomatic hypertension, is commonly caused by:
1. Renal hypertension: renal parenchymal hypertension, renal vascular hypertension, renal artery disease, renal tumors, and arteritis.
2. Endocrine disorders: primary aldosteronism, pheochromocytoma, perispherical cell tumor (renin secreting tumor), acromegaly, polycystic ovary syndrome.
3. Large artery disease: multiple arteritis, congenital aortic stenosis.
4. Pregnancy induced hypertension syndrome (PIH).
5. Sleep apnea syndrome (SAS)
6. Intracranial hypertension caused by secondary brain tumors and cerebrovascular diseases in the nervous system.
3、 Clinical symptoms of hypertension: Common symptoms include dizziness, headache, tight neck, fatigue and palpitations, as well as severe symptoms such as blurred vision and nosebleeds. Typical hypertension headaches disappear after blood pressure drops.
4、 Complications of hypertension: cerebrovascular disease, heart failure and coronary heart disease, chronic kidney failure, aortic dissection.
5、 Diagnosis of hypertension: Hypertension refers to a systolic blood pressure ≥ 140mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 90mmHg in the clinic without taking antihypertensive medication.
（1） Room blood pressure:
Normal blood pressure, systolic blood pressure<120mmHg, diastolic blood pressure<80mmHg
Normal high systolic blood pressure 120-139mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 80-89mmHg
Grade 1 hypertension (mild), systolic blood pressure 140-159mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 90-99mmHg
Grade 2 hypertension (moderate), systolic blood pressure 160-179mmHg, diastolic blood pressure 100-109mmHg
Grade 3 hypertension (severe), systolic blood pressure ≥ 180mmHg, diastolic blood pressure ≥ 110mmHg
Simple systolic blood pressure ≥ 140mmHg, diastolic blood pressure<90mmHg
(II) Dynamic blood pressure (ABPM), daytime average ≥ 135/85mmHg, nighttime average ≥ 125/75mmHg, 24-hour average ≥ 130/8mm 0mmHg can be diagnosed as hypertension.
（3） Self measured blood pressure at home with systolic blood pressure ≥ 135mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 85mmHg can be diagnosed as hypertension.
6、 Precautions for measuring blood pressure: The lowest point is at 3am, the highest point is between 5am and 6am, the fastest point is around 7am, and the peak is reached between 9am and 10am. The day night difference can reach 30-40mmHg. Long term night work can be higher at night than during daylight hours. When measuring blood pressure multiple times in a row, there should be an interval of 2-3 minutes between each measurement.
7、 Early prevention of hypertension:
1. Control salt intake, limiting sodium salt intake to<6g/d is recommended.
2. Reduce weight and lower daily fat intake.
3. Increase physical activity, such as running, walking, swimming, etc.
4. Quit smoking and limit alcohol consumption.
5. Reduce mental stress. Maintain a balanced mindset.
6. Supplement folic acid preparations if necessary.
7. Diagnosed with hypertension, under the guidance of a doctor, long-term standardized medication treatment should be carried out, and sudden cessation of medication should be avoided to lower blood pressure to the normal range.
Overall; I have briefly introduced the basic knowledge related to hypertension, and sincerely wish everyone to adhere to a healthy lifestyle and have a healthy body.