Anesthesia is the use of medication to temporarily cause the patient to lose consciousness, either overall or locally, in order to achieve painlessness and facilitate surgical treatment. With the advancement of surgery and anesthesia, anesthesia is no longer solely for the purpose of relieving pain during surgery. General anesthesia, commonly known as' sleep state ', causes the patient to lose consciousness, relax muscles throughout the body, and not experience pain. Intravenous anesthesia is a method of general anesthesia in which drugs are injected intravenously and act on the central nervous system through blood circulation. Anesthesia is the use of medication to temporarily cause the patient to lose consciousness, either overall or locally, in order to achieve painlessness and facilitate surgical treatment. With the advancement of surgery and anesthesia, anesthesia is no longer solely for the purpose of relieving pain during surgery. General anesthesia, commonly known as' sleep state ', causes the patient to lose consciousness, relax muscles throughout the body, and not experience pain. Intravenous anesthesia is a method of general anesthesia in which drugs are injected intravenously and act on the central nervous system through blood circulation.
Pre anesthesia education: 1. Do not eat or drink water six hours before surgery, as reflux may occur during surgery and there is a risk of suffocation. 2. During surgery, dentures should not be worn as muscle relaxation after anesthesia may cause the dentures to fall off and pose a risk of suffocation. 3. Patients should be prohibited from smoking and drinking alcohol, as nicotine and alcohol can promote capillary dilation, accelerate blood circulation, and easily cause bleeding and exudation, prolonging the postoperative recovery period. 4. Women must cut or tie their long hair before surgery to prevent interference during the procedure. 5. Girls who love beauty should remove jewelry such as rings, bracelets, hairpins and cosmetics such as perfume before surgery. Sign the anesthesia informed consent form in advance. Before surgery, it is necessary to understand whether the patient is a high-risk group, as well as their past operating room history and medication allergy history, in order to avoid problems during surgery.
Preoperative preparation: 1. Fasting before surgery. 2. Before anesthesia, it is necessary to routinely check the oxygen supply device, inhalation anesthetic applicator, anesthesia machine and monitor power supply, suction device, etc., and correctly connect the corresponding connectors. Before general anesthesia, it is necessary to check whether the anesthesia machine is operating normally and whether the anesthesia equipment is complete. 4. Check blood pressure, pulse, electrocardiogram, blood oxygen saturation, and then perform anesthesia.
Anesthesia method: 1. Induction period The purpose of anesthesia induction is to transition the patient from a conscious state to an anesthetized state. Usually, intravenous general anesthetics, analgesics, muscle relaxants, etc. are used, and patients experience the following changes within a few minutes: from conscious state to disappearance of consciousness; Breathe 16-20 times per minute until breathing stops, which requires endotracheal intubation; Pain exists until it disappears. During this period, there have been significant changes in the patient's vital functions, and it is necessary to closely monitor and be prepared to handle any situations that may arise. After the induction period, the surgeon prepares for the surgery. During the induction period, anesthesia drugs can only be used for a short period of time, and anesthesia drugs should be continuously applied during the surgery to maintain a certain depth of anesthesia. Monitor during the maintenance period, observe the impact of surgical procedures on the patient's life at any time, and provide treatment if necessary to ensure the patient's safety. 3. Recovery period: After the surgery is completed, the patient enters the recovery period. Anesthesia drugs will be discontinued, and some drugs will be used to reverse the effects of anesthesia drugs. In the anesthesia recovery room, the patient's consciousness will gradually recover, and vital signs will continue to be monitored. When the patient's respiratory function recovers well, the tracheal tube will be removed. When patients feel pain, postoperative pain treatment is performed.
Anesthesia risk: 1. Respiratory obstruction (1) Upper respiratory obstruction: The obstruction site is above the larynx, and the reasons for mechanical obstruction include tongue prolapse, obstruction of oral secretions and foreign bodies, and edema of the larynx. Functional reasons include laryngeal spasms. (2) Lower respiratory tract obstruction: those with obstruction located below the larynx. The most common causes of mechanical obstruction are twisting of the tracheal tube, excessive slope of the tube tightly adhering to the tracheal wall, and aspiration of mucus or vomit, which can block the trachea and bronchi. 2. Insufficient ventilation (1) Inhibition of respiratory center by anesthetics; Muscle relaxants can paralyze the respiratory muscles, but assist in breathing and control breathing is insufficient. (2) The residual effects of muscle relaxants during anesthesia recovery period. (3) Transitional ventilation for 2 hours during surgery can consume nearly 3L of CO2 reserves, while postoperative ventilation needs to be reduced to replenish the consumed CO2. Therefore, inadequate ventilation can lead to hypoxemia. (4) All anesthetic analgesics used during surgery are often an important cause of postoperative respiratory depression.
Precautions after awakening: 1. In order to maintain airway patency, all patients under general anesthesia should lie flat on their pillows. After general anesthesia surgery, vomiting often occurs. It is necessary to tilt the head to one side in a timely manner and remove the vomit from the mouth to avoid aspiration. 2. After returning to the ward, patients should undergo routine oxygen inhalation through nasal cannula or face mask to prevent the occurrence of hypoxemia. 3. Continue with routine electrocardiogram monitoring. 4. Pain at the incision or stimulation from the inserted catheter during surgery can lead to postoperative hypertension. Effective postoperative analgesia and symptomatic treatment are necessary. 5. Other conditions may include hoarseness, sore throat, muscle pain, myocardial infarction, pneumonia, and pulmonary embolism. Monitoring for several hours or days after surgery is a necessary means to improve perioperative safety.