Blood routine examination refers to the examination that determines the blood condition and disease by observing the changes in the number and distribution of blood cells, and is sensitive to many pathological changes in the body. In addition, blood routine examination is also a commonly used indicator for observing treatment efficacy, medication or discontinuation, continued or discontinued treatment, disease recurrence or recovery. Blood routine examination includes red blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC), white blood cell count, and platelet count (PLT), which can usually be divided into three major systems: red blood cell system, white blood cell system, and platelet system.
1、 Which diseases are mainly related to blood routine examination
1. infectious diseases: judge whether there are bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites and other pathogens by observing the number of white blood cells and neutrophils.
2. Hematological disorders: Anemia and its severity can be evaluated based on the values of red blood cells and hemoglobin; Leukemia patients exhibit extreme abnormalities in indicators such as white blood cell count, platelet count, and hemoglobin; In addition, platelet count can also be used to determine whether there is platelet disease.
2、 Blood routine examination items
1. Platelets: Platelets have a very small volume and are small pieces of cytoplasm shed during the cytoplasmic lysis of mature bone marrow megakaryocytes, with certain biological activity. Despite its small size, platelets are like maintenance workers in the human body. When there is a damaged wound in the blood vessel, they will immediately rush to the scene for repair, playing a role in coagulation and hemostasis. Under normal circumstances, the platelet count is (100-300) × 109/L. A decrease in platelet count will prolong bleeding time, and bleeding may occur in severe injury or compression. In addition, platelet count reduction is also seen in splenic hyperfunction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, aplastic anemia, and acute leukemia; It can also be caused by acute massive blood loss, multiple myeloma, chronic myeloid leukemia, or acute infection after hemolysis. When patients are in the period of acute infection or have problems such as blood loss and hemolysis, there may be signs of thrombocytosis.
2. Red blood cells: Red blood cells are the most abundant type of blood cells in the human body, and they also have certain immune functions. The red blood cell count shows obvious differences between men and women in terms of gender. The reference range of red blood cell count for normal adult men is (4.0-5.5) × 1012/L, that for adult women is (3.5-5.0) × 1012/L, and that for newborns is (6.0-7.0) × 1012/L. When the patient suffers from diabetes ketoacidosis or polycythemia, the blood routine test sheet will show increased red blood cells. Repeated blood donation, hypoxia, excessive excitement or fear in a short period of time can temporarily increase the number of red blood cells; Suffering from tumors, emphysema, extensive burns, hyperlipidemia, and chronic pulmonary heart disease can increase the number of red blood cells. The decrease in red blood cell count is usually related to three factors: reduced red blood cell production, increased number of damaged red blood cells, and impaired red blood cell synthesis. Pregnancy and rapid growth of infants can lead to low red blood cell counts; Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency, iron deficiency, leukemia, and acute massive bleeding can also lead to low red blood cell counts. Anemia shows a decrease in red blood cells, but even if there is anemia, there is no need to be overly nervous. Further analysis of the causes of anemia is needed.
3. Hemoglobin: Hemoglobin is an important component of red blood cells in the body, which can reflect the degree of anemia in the human body. Red blood cells can carry oxygen throughout the body, known as "oxygen transporters", and this function is mainly achieved by the hemoglobin inside the red blood cells. The normal reference range for hemoglobin is 120-160g/L for males, 110-150g/L for females, and 170-200g/L for newborns. A decrease in hemoglobin is most likely anemia, and the severity of anemia is evaluated based on the value of hemoglobin. Severe hypoxia, dehydration, and burns can increase the amount of hemoglobin. If there is a slight increase in red blood cells or hemoglobin, there is no need to worry too much. If there is a significant increase, one should be alert to blood diseases. If there is a decrease in red blood cells or hemoglobin, it is what we call anemia. The increase and decrease of hemoglobin can also be approximated as the increase and decrease of red blood cells, which mainly undertake the function of oxygen transport.
4. White blood cells: White blood cells in the blood can be seen as the guardians of our body. When the body is invaded by bacteria or viruses, white blood cells will charge forward and defend our health. The white blood cell count is a statistical measure of the number of white blood cells, with a reference range. For example, the total number of white blood cells in the normal population is (4-10) × 109/L, while the number of white blood cells in newborns is relatively high, with a reference range of (15-20) × 109/L. White blood cells can be divided into the following five categories: neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and monocytes. Each type of white blood cell accounts for a certain proportion in the total number of white blood cells, and changes in its proportion can also reflect certain issues. Among them, neutrophils and lymphocytes have the highest proportion. When both white blood cell count and neutrophil count increase, it indicates a greater possibility of bacterial infection; When lymphocytes increase, the likelihood of viral infection is higher. White blood cell count can preliminarily determine whether there is a bacterial infection. Bacterial infections, bleeding, poisoning, and leukemia can increase white blood cell counts; Patients with blood disorders, autoimmune diseases, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, viral infections, and medication can experience a decrease in white blood cell count. So the decrease in white blood cells also indicates that viral infection can lead to a decrease in white blood cells. In addition, when patients have autoimmune diseases or certain blood diseases, white blood cells will also decrease accordingly. When the blood routine report shows an increase in white blood cells, it means that our body has suffered some damage. Of course, there may also be some physiological white blood cell elevation, such as the phenomenon of white blood cell elevation in women during premenstrual and pregnancy.
3、 Precautions before checking blood routine: In order to ensure the accuracy of the test results, people should fast for 8 hours before the blood test. Do not eat high-fat and high protein foods, drink too much alcohol, and ensure sufficient sleep one week before blood draw.
Here, we would like to remind everyone that when there are problems with the blood routine test report, clinical physicians will conduct disease analysis based on changes in data as soon as possible. It is recommended that patients respect the doctor's advice and actively cooperate with the doctor for examination and treatment. It is necessary to communicate with the doctor in a timely manner and make reasonable adjustments with the help of the doctor.