With the significant improvement of living standards and the continuous improvement of medical conditions, the disease pattern faced by China has transformed into a biopsychosocial medical model. Among them, cerebral hemorrhage seriously endangers human health, and strengthening the learning of theoretical knowledge about cerebral hemorrhage has positive preventive significance.
Cerebral hemorrhage, commonly known as "cerebral hemorrhage" or spontaneous cerebral hemorrhage, refers to non traumatic intracerebral hemorrhage with diverse causes. The vast majority of cases are caused by the rupture of blood vessels due to hypertension combined with arteriosclerosis. When blood pressure is high or fluctuates greatly, it may lead to vascular rupture. Other causes include cerebral atherosclerosis, congenital cerebrovascular malformations, aneurysms, etc.
Cerebral hemorrhage, which is more common in people over 50 years old, often occurs when they are emotionally excited, agitated, or have difficulty defecating; A small number of cases may occur in a resting state such as sleep. The onset of cerebral hemorrhage is characterized by "urgency, fierceness, and speed", with most cases reaching their peak within minutes to hours.
Patients with cerebral hemorrhage often exhibit sudden and severe headaches, nausea, and vomiting, with vomiting often appearing in a jet like manner. Patients may experience sudden numbness and weakness in their face or limbs, difficulty speaking, unclear speech, or inability to understand others. Some patients may also experience blurred vision and darkened eyes, all of which are signs of illness. It is important not to be careless and seek medical attention promptly. If the patient suddenly experiences difficulty walking, dizziness, instability, loss of balance, and falls, they also need to be vigilant. Many patients may experience sudden coma, and their symptoms may vary after the onset of the disease.
The common site of cerebral hemorrhage is basal ganglia hemorrhage, which is also the most common site of cerebral hemorrhage. The clinical manifestations are "three deviations", hemiplegia, hemiparesis, and hemianopia. Thalamic hemorrhage generally presents with sensory disorders, motor disorders, and syndromic hemianopia. Massive thalamic hemorrhage can cause reactions such as high fever, diabetes insipidus, gastrointestinal bleeding, and severe electrolyte imbalance. Cerebellar hemorrhage, with a bleeding volume exceeding 8ml, can easily lead to compression of the brainstem and herniation of the foramen magnum. Brain stem hemorrhage is characterized by acute onset, high mortality rate, and poor prognosis. A bleeding volume exceeding 10ml is called a massive hematoma, and even with active treatment, the mortality rate is high.
The principle of treatment for cerebral hemorrhage is that patients need to rest quietly, dehydrate and reduce intracranial pressure, adjust blood pressure, prevent and treat continued bleeding, strengthen nursing and prevent complications, prevent and treat cerebral vasospasm, and promote brain function recovery.
During the acute phase of illness, patients should rest quietly, raise the head of the bed, keep the respiratory tract unobstructed, regularly turn over and pat the back to prevent complications such as pneumonia and pressure ulcers. For restless or epileptic individuals, sedatives, antispasmodics, and painkillers should be used. Cooling the head of individuals with high fever by using ice caps or ice water can lower brain temperature, reduce intracranial metabolism, and help alleviate brain edema and intracranial hypertension. Timely adjustment of blood pressure. Elevated blood pressure in patients with cerebral hemorrhage is a compensatory response to ensure blood supply to brain tissue, and blood pressure will decrease as intracranial pressure decreases. Generally, antihypertensive drugs, especially strong antihypertensive agents, should not be used. Reduce intracranial pressure, pay attention to calorie supplementation and water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. Undertaking hibernation hypothermia therapy is beneficial for reducing brain metabolism, decreasing oxygen consumption of brain tissue, preventing the occurrence and development of brain edema, and also playing a certain role in lowering intracranial pressure. High doses of pentobarbital or thiopental can also reduce brain metabolism, decrease oxygen consumption, increase brain tolerance to hypoxia, and lower intracranial pressure.
After actively evaluating the amount and location of bleeding through examination, surgical treatment such as drilling drainage and skull flap hematoma removal may be performed if necessary.
In daily life, if there is an emergency, call 120 as soon as possible and take you to the hospital. Family members should not move the patient at will. They can tilt the patient's head to one side to prevent accidental inhalation into the trachea, blockage of the airway, timely removal of oral and nasal secretions, and maintenance of airway patency.
Cerebral hemorrhage is a terrible disease. It is important to actively control high blood pressure, monitor blood pressure, adjust medication, have regular check ups, maintain a good lifestyle, quit smoking and drinking, avoid staying up late, and avoid tension and fatigue in daily life.