In daily medical visits and physical examinations, the most commonly encountered tests are the "three major routines". We often hear everyday medical terms such as "high blood count", "bacterial infection", "viral infection", "anemia", "thrombocytopenia", "check bowel movements", etc. Today, we will interpret the above medical daily professional terms based on the "Three Major Routine" laboratory test report.
A blood routine test is an examination that determines the blood condition and disease by observing changes in the number and distribution of blood cells. Blood routine examination includes red blood cell count, hemoglobin, white blood cells, white blood cell classification count, and platelets, often divided into red blood cell system, white blood cell system, and platelet system.
Red blood cell system: The function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen carried from the lungs to tissues throughout the body, and to transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs for exhalation. The function of red blood cells mainly relies on hemoglobin. In clinical practice, anemia is classified into mild, moderate, severe, and extremely severe based on the degree of hemoglobin reduction. Chinese hematologists believe that in the sea level areas of China, an adult male Hb<120g/L, an adult female (non pregnant) Hb<110g/L, and a pregnant woman Hb<100g/L indicate anemia. The diagnostic criteria established by WHO in 1972 consider anemia when Hb levels in sea level areas are below the following levels: 110g/L for children aged 6 months to<6 years, 120g/L for children aged 6-14 years, 130g/L for adult males, 120g/L for adult females, and 110g/L for pregnant women. It should be noted that the normal hemoglobin levels of residents living in high-altitude areas for a long time are higher than those of residents living at sea level; During pregnancy, hypoalbuminemia, congestive heart failure, splenomegaly, and macroglobulinemia, plasma volume increases. Even if red blood cell volume is normal, it is easily misdiagnosed as anemia due to blood dilution and decreased hemoglobin concentration; When the circulating blood volume decreases due to dehydration or acute massive blood loss, anemia is easily missed due to increased hemoglobin concentration, even if the red blood cell volume is low due to blood concentration.
White blood cell system: The white blood cell system includes neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. It is an important immune system in the human body and the "police" within the body. When white blood cells and neutrophils increase, it often indicates acute bacterial infection; On the contrary, when the white blood cell count decreases and the lymphocyte ratio increases, it often indicates viral infection, largely relying on the body's own immune system to clear the virus.
Platelet system: Platelets are small pieces of cytoplasm that are shed from mature megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. Platelets nourish the endothelium of blood vessels, maintain the integrity of capillary walls, and participate in hemostasis and coagulation, promoting blood clotting. When platelets decrease, it is easy to cause bleeding in the skin and mucous membranes.
Urine routine test is one of the three major routine tests in clinical practice. As an excretion test, urine reflects the metabolic status of the body and is an important indicator for the diagnosis of many diseases. Many kidney diseases can have proteinuria or visible components in urine sediment in the early stage. Abnormal urine routine is often a sign of kidney or urinary tract diseases.
Hematuria: Urine containing a certain amount of red blood cells is called hematuria. Commonly seen in urinary tract infections, especially cystitis, and urinary system tumors also need to be ruled out. Hematuria is divided into gross hematuria and microscopic hematuria. Gross hematuria refers to the presence of more than 1ml of blood in 1000ml of urine. If the appearance of the urine is normal and there are more than 3 red blood cells per high-power microscope, it is called microscopic hematuria. Trace red blood cells in urine cannot be detected by the naked eye, and abnormalities can only be detected with the help of a microscope. So, regular urine routine checks are important for early detection of diseases.
Purulent urine: refers to urine containing a large number of degenerated white blood cells, namely pus cells. The degree of purulent urine depends on the number of white blood cells in the urine, and can generally be divided into microscopic purulent urine and macroscopic purulent urine. The causes of purulent urine include diseases of the urogenital system and adjacent organs and tissues. The first step in treatment is to identify the primary disease causing pyuria and provide appropriate treatment based on the cause. Due to the particularity of anatomical structure, in order to reduce and avoid contamination during urine collection, it is advisable to collect mid stream urine as much as possible.
Proteinuria: Proteinuria refers to the protein content in urine exceeding 150mg/24h, mainly seen in kidney diseases, but occasional increases in indicators can also be seen in normal individuals, such as exercise, tension, etc. For patients, proteinuria is an abnormal condition that cannot or is difficult to detect, often discovered by doctors during laboratory tests, and is a medical sign. Often accompanied by symptoms such as edema, fatigue, and fatigue.
Diabetes: Refers to sugars in urine, mainly glucose in urine. Normal people have very little urine sugar, which cannot be detected by general methods, so normal people's urine sugar should be negative, or there should be no sugar in the urine. Normal people can only excrete more sugar from urine and form urinary sugar when their blood sugar exceeds 160-180mg/dl. The treatment principle of diabetes is to keep pace with diet, exercise, medicine and monitoring.
Urine ketone: refers to the release of acidic substances from urine during the process of fat breakdown. When the body lacks insulin, sugar cannot enter cells as a source of energy and has to break down fat as fuel. Ketouria is a manifestation of metabolic acidosis. It can be seen in diabetes acidosis, some febrile diseases, such as typhoid, scarlet fever, measles, septicemia, acute miliary tuberculosis, poisoning, such as phosphorus, chloroform, ether, etc., and can also occur after surgery anesthesia. Examination of urinary ketone body is helpful to differentiate diabetes coma from insulin shock. Ketouria occurs under physiological conditions, especially when consuming excessive amounts of fat. When experiencing hunger and severe vomiting, due to increased fat mobilization, ketone bodies can also appear in urine. When is it necessary to measure urinary ketones? When the urine glucose concentration is above 1-2 grams per deciliter for two consecutive times; When experiencing symptoms such as fever, nausea, and vomiting; 3. In the event of external trauma, stress, or surgery; When the blood glucose concentration exceeds 250 milligrams per deciliter; 5. During pregnancy.
Three stool routine tests can be used to detect bacterial, viral, and parasitic infections in the digestive tract, early detection of gastroenteritis and liver disease, and can also serve as a diagnostic screening for digestive tract tumors. Routine laboratory tests include checking for red and white blood cells in feces, bacterial sensitivity tests, occult blood tests (OB), and checking for insect eggs. Routine examinations are necessary for assessing the health status of the human body. Requirements for examination: 1. Caused by excessive intestinal peristalsis or increased secretion. Seen in various infectious or non infectious diarrhea, especially acute enteritis. When a large amount of yellow green watery stool (3000ml or more) contains membranous material, pseudomembranous colitis should be considered. AIDS patients with intestinal cryptosporidium infection can also discharge a large number of dilute water like feces. 2. Based on the characteristics and composition of feces, understand the digestive status to roughly determine the exocrine function of the pancreas. 3. The small amount of mucus in normal feces is difficult to detect due to its uniform mixing with feces. Once there is visible mucus, it indicates an increase in its amount.
The "three major routine" examinations are of great help in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in clinical practice. The popular science knowledge of the "three routines" can alleviate everyone's nervousness during the medical treatment process, but it should be noted that a single examination cannot accurately diagnose a disease, and it is necessary to seek medical attention in a timely manner.