Intravenous infusion is a commonly used route of drug administration in clinical practice, mainly by delivering drugs into the body through peripheral or central veins to achieve the goal of treating diseases. Due to the significant stimulation of blood vessels by drugs, adverse reactions are prone to occur. Therefore, how to reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions has become a focus of clinical attention. During intravenous infusion, we can reduce the occurrence of adverse reactions through methods such as drug concentration, administration speed, and drug compatibility. However, during the infusion process, unexpected situations may also occur. If these unexpected situations are not dealt with in a timely manner, they can cause great pain and loss to the patient.
1、 What are the hazards of complications in intravenous infusion therapy?
Intravenous infusion therapy is currently the most common method of administration, especially in children. In medicine, intravenous infusion therapy, also known as infusion therapy, is a treatment method that delivers drugs into the bloodstream through intravenous administration. If the condition requires it, intravenous therapy is also necessary. However, it should be noted that intravenous infusion therapy also has certain risks.
1. Phlebitis: Phlebitis mainly occurs on the peripheral blood vessels of the human body, usually caused by local tissue damage caused by external forces. Once phlebitis occurs, it can cause symptoms such as swelling and pain in local tissues.
2. Infection: Intravenous infusion may also cause infection, especially in populations undergoing long-term intravenous infusion treatment, which is more common. Long term intravenous infusion therapy in the same area can lead to complications such as local tissue infection and inflammation.
3. Thrombosis: If blood vessels are punctured improperly or if the limbs are not properly secured after puncture, it may lead to thrombosis. Once a blood clot forms, it can affect the local tissue blood circulation, and patients may experience symptoms such as local pain and swelling.
2、 What are the emergency treatment methods for complications of intravenous infusion therapy?
（1） Intravenous inflammation during intravenous infusion is caused by the inflammatory reaction of the vascular endothelium caused by long-term intravenous infusion, resulting in local tissue redness, swelling, heat, pain, and functional impairment. Clinically, it can be divided into three types: mild, moderate, and severe. Mild phlebitis is characterized by local swelling or pain, which may include redness, induration, or scattered tenderness, and an increase in skin temperature at the puncture site; Moderate phlebitis is characterized by local swelling, accompanied by pain, and elevated skin temperature at the puncture site; Severe phlebitis is characterized by swelling, pain, accompanied by fever, and elevated skin temperature at the puncture site.
To prevent infusion, avoid repeated punctures and pulling of the blood vessel wall, correctly select the intravenous infusion route and needle, ensure appropriate length of the indwelling needle, and strictly follow sterile operating procedures. Once phlebitis occurs, the infusion set and infusion set tubing should be replaced in a timely manner, and if necessary, local hot compress or wet compress can be applied.
（2） Infection at the puncture site of a venous indwelling needle
Infection at the puncture site of a venous indwelling needle refers to bacterial infection that occurs at the puncture site and spreads through blood, lymphatic fluid, and extracellular fluid. The infection at the site of venous indwelling needle puncture is mainly related to factors such as the patient's immune status, operation process, and indwelling time. If infection occurs, the indwelling needle should be immediately removed, local antibiotics should be used, and if necessary, closed treatment can be given to prevent the spread of infection at the puncture site.
（3） Air embolism
Air embolism refers to the formation of an air clot in the right ventricle when air enters the bloodstream from a small branch of a venous vessel, blocking the entrance of the pulmonary artery and causing acute pulmonary edema and circulatory failure. Preventive measures: Strictly implement the "three checks and eight pairs" system, correctly place scalp needles and central venous catheters, and strictly prevent human or mechanical damage to the air entering the venous vessels.
（4） Slow or stopped liquid drip rate during infusion
Reason: The infusion rate is too fast, the liquid is highly irritating or the blood vessels are not straight, the patient's overall condition is poor, the constitution is weak, the infusion tube is blocked, etc. Emergency response: Stop infusion and replace with other fluids; Notify the doctor to make medication adjustments; Patients with heart disease should slow down or pause the infusion volume. In addition, attention should be paid to whether the infusion environment is safe, such as low ambient temperature and poor air circulation. Attention: Keep the infusion room quiet, tidy, and well ventilated; The infusion tube should be fixed as much as possible and should not be fixed on the patient's body; If the liquid has already dripped into the blood vessel, do not rotate the infusion tube casually.
（5） Liquid leakage
Liquid leakage refers to the leakage of liquid locally or remotely within blood vessels, clinically manifested as local pain, swelling, itching, erythema or pigmentation, and in severe cases, blisters may appear.
The main reasons for liquid leakage are: 1. Insufficient proficiency in venipuncture, excessive needle insertion angle, needle sliding into the blood vessel wall and friction with tissue, resulting in vascular wall damage, local tissue inflammation, exudation, and necrosis.
2. Chemical reactions occur between the components of the drug and the components of the infusion, causing the drug solution to leak out.
3. Drugs have strong irritants and high concentrations, directly stimulating the blood vessel wall and causing damage to the blood vessel wall.
4. Local compression, such as unstable fixation of the infusion tube, compression at the puncture site, or intense patient activity.
When the environment is humid and warm, or when the infusion tube is damaged, it is easy for drugs to leak out.
The above are emergency treatment methods for complications of intravenous infusion therapy, hoping to be helpful to everyone.